توضیحات

A2 Chemistry

Exam Board: OCR A

Contents

Benzene ………………………………………………….4

Reactions of Benzene ……………………………….6.

Phenols ………………………………………………….. 8

Aldehydes and Ketones ……………………………..10

Carboxylic Acids and Esters ……………………….13

Fatty Acids and Fats…………………………………..16

Amines……………………………………………………19

Polymers …………………………………………………22

Polyesters and Polyamides …………………………24.

Amino Acids and Proteins…………………………..26

Organic Synthesis……………………………………..28

Functional Groups…………………………………….30

Stereoisomerism and Chirality……………………..32

Chromatography ……………………………………… 34

Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography …….. 36

NMR Spectroscopy ………………………………….. 39

More NMR Spectroscopy ………………………….. 40

Infrared Spectroscopy……………………………….. 42

More on Spectra……………………………………….46

Rate Graphs and Orders…………………………….48

Initial Rates and Half-Life …………………………..50.

Rate Equations …………………………………………52

Rates and Reaction Mechanisms………………….54

The Equilibrium Constant ………………………….56

More on the Equilibrium Constant ………………58

Acids and Bases ……………………………………….60

pH …………………………………………………………62

More pH Calculations ………………………………64

Buffer Action ……………………………………………66

pH Curves, Titrations and Indicators …………….68

Neutralisation and Enthalpy ………………………..70

Lattice Enthalpy and Born-Haber Cycles ……….72

Enthalpies of Solution ………………………………..74

Free-Energy Change and Entropy Change …….. 76

Redox Equations……………………………………….78

Electrode Potentials …………………………………..80

The Electrochemical Series …………………………82

Storage and Fuel Cells ……………………………….84

Properties of Transition Elements…………………. 87

Complex Ions ………………………………………….. 90

Substitution Reactions ………………………………. 92

Redox Reactions and Transition Elements……… 94

Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations ……………. 96

A2 Answers …………………………………………….. 98

Index ……………………………………………………… 108

Some Useful Stuff …………………………………….112

The Periodic Table …………………………………….113